Saint Jerome

The selected text, **"S. Hieronymi Presbyteris Confessoris et Ecclesiae Doctoris"**, refers to **Saint Jerome**, who is recognized as a **priest, confessor, and Doctor of the Church**. This title is often used in the context of the **Traditional Latin Mass** and other liturgical references. Saint Jerome is known for his translation of the Bible into Latin (the Vulgate) and his extensive theological writings.

Saint Jerome, also known as **Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus**, was an early Christian apologist, theologian, and ascetic. He was born around **342-347** in **Stridon, Dalmatia** (modern-day Croatia) and died on **September 30, 419/420** in **Bethlehem, Palestine**.

Jerome is best known for his **Latin translation of the Bible**, known as the **Vulgate**. This translation became the standard version of the Bible for the Western Christian Church for many centuries. He is traditionally regarded as the most learned of the Latin Fathers and has been designated a **Doctor of the Church**.

In addition to his work on the Bible, Jerome was a prolific writer and produced numerous theological and historical works. He was also a monastic leader and spent much of his life in asceticism.

Jerome's feast day is celebrated on **September 30**.

Saint Jerome was a prolific writer and his works can be categorized into several principal areas:

1. **Biblical Translations**: His most significant work is the translation of the Bible into Latin, known as the **Vulgate**. He translated the New Testament, the Psalms, and much of the Old Testament.

2. **Theological Controversies**: Jerome engaged in various theological debates and wrote extensively on these topics.

3. **Historical Works**: He authored several historical texts, including **"Chronicon"** (Chronicle), which is a universal history from the creation to 378 AD.

4. **Letters**: Jerome's letters are an important part of his literary output. They cover a wide range of topics, including theology, monastic life, and personal matters.

5. **Commentaries**: He wrote commentaries on various books of the Bible, providing insights and interpretations based on his extensive knowledge of Hebrew and Greek.

6. **Miscellaneous Works**: Jerome also wrote other works such as **"Liber locorum"** (Book of Places), a translation and adaptation of Eusebius’s work on Palestinian place-names, and **"Liber interpretationis Hebraicorum nominum"** (Book of Interpretation of Hebrew Names), an alphabetical list of Hebrew names.

These works reflect Jerome's deep scholarship and his significant contribution to Christian literature and biblical studies.

(1) Saint Jerome - New World Encyclopedia. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Saint_Jerome.
(2) St. Jerome | Biography, Patron Saint, Birth, Death, Feast Day, & Facts. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Jerome.
(3) Jerome - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome.
(4) . https://bing.com/search?q=Saint+Jerome.

The promises of Christ

1. **Salvation**: "For God so loved the world that He gave His only Son, that whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life" (John 3:16).

2. **Rest and Renewal**: "Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest. Take my yoke upon you and learn from me, for I am gentle and humble in heart, and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy and my burden is light" (Matthew 11:28-30).

3. **Eternal Life**: "I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die" (John 11:25).

4. **Guidance**: "I am the light of the world. Whoever follows me will never walk in darkness, but will have the light of life" (John 8:12).

5. **Presence**: "And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age" (Matthew 28:20).

6. **The Holy Spirit**: "I am going to send you what my Father has promised; but stay in the city until you have been clothed with power from on high" (Luke 24:49).

7. **Provision**: "But seek first His kingdom and His righteousness, and all these things will be given to you as well" (Matthew 6:33).

8. **Friendship**: "You are my friends if you do what I command" (John 15:14).

9. **Security**: "My sheep listen to my voice; I know them, and they follow me. I give them eternal life, and they shall never perish; no one will snatch them out of my hand" (John 10:27-29).

10. **Eternal Home**: "My Father’s house has many rooms; if that were not so, would I have told you that I am going there to prepare a place for you? And if I go and prepare a place for you, I will come back and take you to be with me that you also may be where I am" (John 14:2-3).

11. **Peace**: "Peace I leave with you; my peace I give you. I do not give to you as the world gives. Do not let your hearts be troubled and do not be afraid" (John 14:27).

12. **Joy**: "I have told you this so that my joy may be in you and that your joy may be complete" (John 15:11).

13. **Answered Prayers**: "If you remain in me and my words remain in you, ask whatever you wish, and it will be done for you" (John 15:7).

14. **Strength**: "I can do all this through Him who gives me strength" (Philippians 4:13).

15. **Comfort**: "Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted" (Matthew 5:4).

16. **Freedom**: "So if the Son sets you free, you will be free indeed" (John 8:36).

17. **Victory**: "I have told you these things, so that in me you may have peace. In this world you will have trouble. But take heart! I have overcome the world" (John 16:33).

18. **Fruitfulness**: "I am the vine; you are the branches. If you remain in me and I in you, you will bear much fruit; apart from me you can do nothing" (John 15:5).

19. **Inheritance**: "Blessed are the meek, for they will inherit the earth" (Matthew 5:5).

20. **Righteousness**: "Blessed are those who hunger and thirst for righteousness, for they will be filled" (Matthew 5:6).

These promises highlight the key assurances and commitments made by Christ to His followers, offering them hope, guidance, and comfort in their faith journey.

Saint Michael the Archangel

**S. Michaelis Archangelis** refers to **Saint Michael the Archangel**, a prominent figure in Christian theology. He is often depicted as a warrior angel, leading God's army against the forces of evil. Saint Michael is considered the protector of the Church and is celebrated for his role in the **Book of Revelation**, where he defeats Satan in the heavenly battle.
Saint Michael the Archangel plays a significant role in the Book of Revelation. He is depicted as the leader of God's army in the celestial battle against Satan and his forces. Here are some key points about his role:

1. **War in Heaven**: In Revelation 12:7-9, it is described that a war broke out in heaven. Michael and his angels fought against the dragon (Satan) and his angels. Michael's forces were victorious, and the dragon and his angels were cast out of heaven².

2. **Defender of God's Sovereignty**: Michael's mission is to defend God's sovereignty and protect humanity from evil. He is often invoked for courage in spiritual warfare¹.

3. **Casting Out Satan**: After the battle, Satan, referred to as "that ancient serpent called the devil," is cast to earth along with his fallen angels. This event signifies the defeat of Satan's forces in heaven².

4. **Symbol of Strength and Protection**: Michael is often depicted in art and literature wielding a sword and shield, standing triumphantly over a defeated demon. He is seen as a powerful and protective figure, an angelic leader who fights against evil forces³.

Saint Michael's role in the Book of Revelation highlights his importance as a defender of good and a key figure in the ultimate triumph over evil.

(1) Archangel Michael in the Bible - Scripture Quotes and Prayer. https://www.biblestudytools.com/topical-verses/archangel-michael-in-the-bible/.
(2) The Archangels: Saints Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael - God's Messengers .... https://thecatholicheroes.com/catholic-inspirations/the-archangels-saints-michael-gabriel-and-raphael-gods-messengers-and-protectors/.
(3) Saint Michael the Archangel: A Pillar of Catholicism and Symbol of .... https://spiritualculture.org/saint-michael/.
(4) Archangel Michael - Profile of the Angel and Saint - Learn Religions. https://www.learnreligions.com/meet-archangel-michael-leader-of-angels-124715.

Lord’s Prayer - Short Explanation

The Lord’s Prayer, also known as the Our Father or Pater Noster, is a central Christian prayer that Jesus taught to his disciples. It appears in two forms in the New Testament: a longer version in the Gospel of Matthew (Matthew 6:9-13) and a shorter version in the Gospel of Luke (Luke 11:2-4)123.

Origin
The prayer is believed to have been taught by Jesus during the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew and in response to a disciple’s request in the Gospel of Luke12. The Didache, an early Christian document, also contains a version of the Lord’s Prayer similar to that in Matthew.

Text of the Lord’s Prayer

Here is the text of the Lord’s Prayer as found in the Gospel of Matthew (New International Version):

Our Father in heaven,
hallowed be your name,
your kingdom come,
your will be done,
on earth as it is in heaven.
Give us today our daily bread.
And forgive us our debts,
as we also have forgiven our debtors.
And lead us not into temptation,
but deliver us from the evil one.
Church Fathers on the Lord’s Prayer

Several early Church Fathers have written extensively about the Lord’s Prayer:

Tertullian: He emphasized the mystery of God’s holy name and the importance of praying for God’s name to be revered in all people. Tertullian considered the Lord’s Prayer as a foundation for Christian liturgy and worship practices.

St. Cyprian: He taught catechumens (new converts) how to pray based on the Lord’s Prayer. He believed that praying with the words of Christ was a loving and friendly way to beseech God.

Origen: Origen’s work on prayer broadly covers the subject, blessing both advanced students of the faith and those preparing for baptism.

The Lord’s Prayer is considered a model for Christian prayer and is used by most Christian denominations in their worship. It is seen as a unifying prayer that brings Christians together in solidarity


Matthew 6:9-13

9 Thus therefore shall you pray: Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name.
10 Thy kingdom come. Thy will be done on earth as it is in heaven.
11 Give us this day our supersubstantial bread.
12 And forgive us our debts, as we also forgive our debtors.
13 And lead us not into temptation. But deliver us from evil.
Amen.

In the Douay-Rheims version of the Bible, Luke 11:2-4 reads as follows:

2 And he said to them: When you pray, say: Father, hallowed be thy name. Thy kingdom come.
3 Give us this day our daily bread.
4 And forgive us our sins, for we also forgive every one that is indebted to us. And lead us not into temptation.

Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary as Explained by Church Fathers

The Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary are a powerful meditation on the Passion of Christ. They are traditionally prayed on Tuesdays, Fridays, and Sundays during Lent. Here is an explanation of each mystery using insights from authoritative Fathers of the Church:

1. **The Agony in the Garden**:

- **Scripture**: "Then Jesus went with them to a place called Gethsemane, and he said to his disciples, 'Sit here, while I go yonder and pray.' And taking with him Peter and the two sons of Zebedee, he began to be sorrowful and troubled. Then he said to them, 'My soul is very sorrowful, even to death; remain here, and watch with me.'" (Matthew 26:36-38)

- **Church Fathers**: St. Augustine reflects on the agony of Jesus as a profound expression of His human nature, experiencing fear and sorrow, yet submitting to the will of the Father. He emphasizes the importance of prayer and vigilance in times of trial.

2. **The Scourging at the Pillar**:

- **Scripture**: "Then Pilate took Jesus and scourged him." (John 19:1)

- **Church Fathers**: St. John Chrysostom describes the scourging as a manifestation of the immense love of Christ, who endured such suffering for the redemption of humanity. He calls believers to contemplate the physical and spiritual pain Jesus bore for our sins.

3. **The Crowning with Thorns**:

- **Scripture**: "And the soldiers twisted together a crown of thorns and put it on his head and arrayed him in a purple robe." (John 19:2)

- **Church Fathers**: St. Cyprian of Carthage interprets the crowning with thorns as a symbol of Christ's kingship and His victory over sin and death. He encourages Christians to embrace humility and recognize the true nature of Christ's reign.

4. **The Carrying of the Cross**:

- **Scripture**: "And he went out, bearing his own cross, to the place called The Place of a Skull, which in Aramaic is called Golgotha." (John 19:17)

- **Church Fathers**: St. Ambrose of Milan sees the carrying of the cross as an invitation for all believers to take up their own crosses and follow Christ. He highlights the strength and perseverance required to endure suffering for the sake of the Gospel.

5. **The Crucifixion and Death of Jesus**:

- **Scripture**: "And when they came to the place that is called The Skull, there they crucified him, and the criminals, one on his right and one on his left." (Luke 23:33)

- **Church Fathers**: St. Athanasius of Alexandria reflects on the crucifixion as the ultimate act of love and sacrifice. He emphasizes the transformative power of the cross, through which believers are reconciled with God and granted eternal life.

These reflections from the Fathers of the Church provide a deeper understanding of the Sorrowful Mysteries and their significance in the life of a Christian.

(1) The Sorrowful Mysteries - My Catholic Life!. https://mycatholic.life/catholic-prayers/the-most-holy-rosary/the-sorrowful-mysteries/.
(2) Sorrowful Mysteries - The Mysteries of the Rosary - Vatican. https://www.vatican.va/special/rosary/documents/misteri_dolorosi_en.html.
(3) The Rosary (Sorrowful Mysteries) with Bishop Robert Barron. https://www.wordonfire.org/videos/rosary/sorrowful/.
(4) Meditations on the Sorrowful Mysteries of the Rosary - Learn Religions. https://www.learnreligions.com/meditations-sorrowful-mysteries-of-the-rosary-542786.
(5) Scriptural Rosary: The Sorrowful Mysteries | USCCB. https://www.usccb.org/prayers/scriptural-rosary-sorrowful-mysteries.
(6) undefined. https://wordonfire.org/rosary.

Saints Cosmas and Damian

The selected text refers to **Saints Cosmas and Damian**, who were early Christian martyrs and physicians. They were twin brothers who practiced medicine and offered their services for free, earning them the title "Anargyroi" (meaning "without silver"). They were martyred during the Diocletian Persecution around the late 3rd century or early 4th century². They are venerated as patron saints of physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists.

Saints **Cosmas and Damian** were twin brothers born to Christian parents in Arabia in the third century. They lived in the region around the border between modern-day Turkey and Syria. They were renowned physicians who practiced medicine without charging any fees.

Cosmas and Damian were known for their healing miracles and were highly respected for their medical skills. They were also early Christian martyrs, having been persecuted and killed for their faith around 287 or 303 AD. Their feast day is celebrated on September 26.
>
They are considered the patron saints of physicians, surgeons, and pharmacists, and are invoked for protection against sickness. Their names are listed in the Roman Canon and the Litany of the Saints.

Saints Cosmas and Damian, twin brothers and early Christian martyrs, are renowned for their numerous miracles, particularly in the field of medicine. Here are some of the miracles attributed to them:

1. **Healing the Sick**: They were known for their miraculous healings, curing various ailments such as blindness, fever, and other diseases.

2. **Surviving Torture**: During the persecution under Roman Emperor Diocletian, they miraculously survived multiple forms of torture, including drowning, burning at the stake, and stoning, before they were ultimately beheaded.

3. **Miracle of the Black Leg**: One of the most famous miracles attributed to them is the transplantation of a cancerous leg with a healthy one from a deceased Ethiopian man.

4. **Interventions at Sea**: They were also credited with miraculous interventions at sea, saving people from shipwrecks and other maritime dangers.

5. **Restoring Ambulation**: They restored the ability to walk to patients with disabilities.

Their legacy as "moneyless healers" who provided free medical services has made them the patron saints of physicians, surgeons, and other healthcare workers. Their devotion and miraculous deeds have been commemorated in various churches and liturgical celebrations throughout history.

(1) 7 Fascinating Facts About Saints Cosmas and Damian, Twin Brothers .... https://ewtn.co.uk/7-fascinating-facts-about-saints-cosmas-and-damian-twin-brothers-physicians-of-christ/.
(2) St. Cosmas and Damian: Life, Teachings, Miracles, Quotes, and More. https://www.findasaint.com/saints/st-cosmas-and-damian.
(3) Saints Cosmas and Damian: Patron Saints of Medicine. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11999-016-4929-6.
(4) Damian - Catholic Saints Day. https://catholicsaints.day/damian/.
(5) Sts. Cosmas and Damian, Martyrs - My Catholic Life!. https://mycatholic.life/saints/saints-of-the-liturgical-year/september-27sts-cosmas-and-damian-martyrs/.

Saints Cyprian and Justina

Saints Cyprian and Justina are honored as martyrs in the Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, and Oriental Orthodoxy. They were Christians from Antioch who suffered martyrdom at Nicomedia (modern-day İzmit, Turkey) on September 26, 304, during the Diocletianic Persecution.

Saint Cyprian was originally a pagan magician who converted to Christianity after encountering the steadfast faith of Justina. Justina was a Christian virgin who resisted Cyprian's attempts to use sorcery to win her over. Inspired by her faith, Cyprian renounced his magical practices, converted to Christianity, and eventually became a bishop. Both were martyred for their faith.

Cyprian was originally a heathen magician of Antioch who had dealings with demons. He later converted to Christianity and became a staunch defender of the faith. Justina was a Christian virgin who converted Cyprian to Christianity through her steadfast faith and prayers. Together, they are considered the patron saints of those afflicted by spells, curses, witchcraft, and magic. St. Cyprian is also credited with writing some of the exorcism prayers of the Orthodox Church.

Their story is one of the fullest accounts in Christian literature of sorcery and its power over men, and its final defeat by the power of Christ.

Saint Cyprian was originally a magician and sorcerer in Antioch. He was known for his expertise in astrology and sorcery, having traveled through Greece, Egypt, and India to enhance his knowledge. Cyprian was approached by a pagan lawyer who sought his help to win the love of Justina, a young Christian woman who had taken private vows of chastity. Despite Cyprian's attempts to use magic and demons to influence Justina, she remained steadfast in her faith, relying on prayer and fasting.

Impressed by Justina's unwavering faith and the power of the "Sign of Christ," Cyprian eventually converted to Christianity. He burned his books of spells and sorcery, was baptized, and became a deacon, priest, and later a bishop. Justina became the abbess of a convent.

Saint Justina was known for her purity and dedication to her faith. She played a crucial role in Cyprian's conversion by resisting his magical attacks and demonstrating the power of Christian faith.

Both Cyprian and Justina were arrested and tortured during the Diocletianic Persecution. They were scourged, torn apart, and thrown into heated tar. Finally, they were beheaded in Nicomedia (modern-day İzmit, Turkey) on September 26, 304 AD, receiving the crown of martyrdom.

Their story is a powerful testament to the triumph of faith over sorcery and the transformative power of Christianity.

: [Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_and_Justina)
: [Orthodoxinfo](http://orthodoxinfo.com/death/cyprian_justina.aspx)
: [Wikiwand](https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Saint_Justina_of_Padua)
: [Antioch Patriarchate](https://www.antiochpatriarchate.org/en/page/the-holy-hieromartyr-cyprian-and-the-virgin-martyr-justina/779)

Louis Martin and Azélie-Marie ("Zélie") Guérin Martin

Louis Martin (22 August 1823 – 29 July 1894) and Azélie-Marie ("Zélie") Guérin Martin (23 December 1831 – 28 August 1877) were a French Roman Catholic couple who are best known as the parents of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. They had nine children, four of whom died in infancy. The remaining five, all girls, became nuns. Their youngest child, Thérèse, entered a Carmelite convent at the age of 15 and was canonized as a saint in 1925.

Louis and Zélie were canonized together by Pope Francis on 18 October 2015. They are the first spouses in the history of the Church to be canonized as a couple. Their deep love and dedication to each other and their faith have made them an inspiring example for many Catholic families.

Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, also known as **Thérèse of the Child Jesus and the Holy Face**, was born as **Marie Françoise-Thérèse Martin** on **January 2, 1873**, in **Alençon, France**. She was the youngest of nine children, five of whom survived childhood. After her mother, Zélie Martin, died of breast cancer in 1877, Thérèse moved with her family to Lisieux, France.

Thérèse felt an early call to religious life and, after overcoming various obstacles, she entered the **Carmelite convent** at Lisieux at the age of 15. She joined two of her elder sisters in the cloistered Carmelite community. Despite her young age, Thérèse's spiritual maturity and dedication to her faith were remarkable.

Thérèse is widely known for her **"Little Way"** philosophy, which emphasizes doing small things with great love and trust in God. Her approach to spirituality was simple yet profound, making her an influential model of sanctity for many. She documented her spiritual journey in a collection of epistolary essays titled **"Story of a Soul"** (Histoire d'une âme), which was published posthumously in 1898.

Thérèse suffered from tuberculosis and died at the age of 24 on **September 30, 1897**. Despite her short life, her impact on the Catholic Church was significant. She was canonized by Pope Pius XI on **May 17, 1925**, and her feast day is celebrated on **October 1**. In 1997, Pope John Paul II declared her a **Doctor of the Church**, recognizing her exceptional contribution to Catholic theology.

Thérèse is also known as the **"Little Flower"** and is a patron saint of missions, florists, pilots, and priests. Her burial site at Lisieux has become a place of pilgrimage, and a basilica bearing her name was built there. Her life and teachings continue to inspire many people around the world.

(1) Thérèse of Lisieux - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux.
(2) St. Therese of Lisieux | Biography, Feast Day, Patron Saint Of .... https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Therese-of-Lisieux.
(3) Saint Therese of Lisieux - uCatholic. https://ucatholic.com/saints/therese-of-lisieux/.
(4) Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/therese-martin-born-in-alencon-2nd-january-1873-and-died-in-news-photo/152231724.

Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy for the redemption of Christian captives

The phrase **"Beatæ Mariæ Virginis de Mercede"** refers to the **Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy**, also known as the **Mercedarians**. This Catholic mendicant order was established in **1218** by **Peter Nolasco** in **Barcelona**, part of the Crown of Aragon at that time, for the redemption of Christian captives.

Peter Nolasco established the **Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy** (Mercedarians) in **1218** in **Barcelona, Spain**, aided by **St. Raymond of Peñafort**, his confessor, who based the new order’s rule on **St. Augustine**. The order aimed to redeem captive Christians.

Pope Gregory IX issued a bull of confirmation approving Nolasco’s order on **17 January 1235**. The order lived as a community of friars, composed of both priests and brothers.

The feast of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy is observed on September 24th. Initially celebrated within the Order of Mercy, it was later extended to the entire Church by Pope Innocent XII.

The **Order of Mercy**, also known as the **Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy** or the **Mercedarian Friars**, was founded in **1218** by **Saint Peter Nolasco** in **Barcelona, Spain**. The primary mission was to **redeem Christian captives** from their Muslim captors during frequent warfare between Christian and Muslim territories.

The Order is characterized by its members taking a **fourth vow**: to die, if necessary, for another in danger of losing their faith, in addition to the traditional vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience.

The Mercedarians live a life of prayer and communal fraternity based on the **Rule of Saint Augustine** and the **Constitutions of the Order**. They are active in various ministries, including parishes, chaplaincies, and schools, continuing their mission of proclaiming the freedom of the Gospel message.

Today, the Order exists in **17 countries**, including Spain, Italy, Brazil, India, and the United States. The Mercedarians continue to adapt their mission to address the "new captivities" of our age, such as addiction, human trafficking, and other forms of modern slavery.

For more information, you can visit the Order of Mercy's official website.

The operation to redeem captives has been significant in various historical and religious contexts. Here are a few notable examples:

1. **Biblical Times**: One of the earliest recorded instances of redeeming captives is found in the Bible. Abraham rescued his nephew Lot, who had been taken captive during a war between different groups of petty monarchs. Abraham gathered his family and entourage, pursued the captors, and successfully freed Lot and the others.

2. **Jewish Tradition**: In Jewish culture, redeeming captives is considered a supreme moral value. The commandment to free captives is emphasized in the Torah and has been significant in Jewish communal life throughout history. Maimonides, a prominent Jewish scholar, stated that there is no greater commandment than the redemption of captives.

3. **Operation Entebbe (1976)**: One of the most daring and successful modern rescue missions was Operation Entebbe. On July 4, 1976, Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) executed a meticulously planned operation to free 102 hostages held by terrorists at Entebbe Airport in Uganda. The mission involved a surprise airborne assault, a brief ground engagement, and the rapid extraction of the hostages.

Saint Linus, Pope and Martyr

The text **"S. Lini Papae Martyris"** refers to **Saint Linus, Pope and Martyr**. Saint Linus was the second Pope of the Catholic Church, succeeding Saint Peter. He is recognized as a martyr and is commemorated in the liturgy of the Church. The phrase is often seen in traditional Latin Masses and liturgical texts.

Saint Linus was the second Bishop of Rome, succeeding Saint Peter. He served as the bishop from around AD 67 until his death in AD 76. He is recognized as the second Pope by the Catholic Church.

Saint Linus is mentioned in the New Testament, specifically in the Second Epistle to Timothy (2 Timothy 4:21), where he is noted to be with Paul the Apostle in Rome near the end of Paul's life. According to early Christian tradition, Linus was entrusted with the office of the episcopate by the apostles Peter and Paul after they had established the Christian church in Rome.

His feast day is celebrated on September 23. Although his martyrdom is doubtful, he is among the martyrs named in the canon of the mass. He was succeeded by Saint Anacletus.

Saint Linus is often depicted in papal vestments and pallium, symbolizing his role as a bishop¹. He is venerated in all Christian denominations that venerate saints.

(1) Pope Linus - Catholic Saints Day. https://catholicsaints.day/pope-linus/.
(2) Pope Linus - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Linus.
(3) St. Linus | Biography, Papacy, Feast Day, & Facts | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/St-Linus.
(4) Pope Linus - New World Encyclopedia. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Pope_Linus.
(5) Saint Linus (79) - Catholicism.org. https://catholicism.org/saint-linus-79.html.

Saint Matthew the Apostle and Evangelist

The selected text, **S. Matthaei Apostoli et Evangelistae**, refers to **Saint Matthew the Apostle and Evangelist**. Saint Matthew is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus and the author of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. His feast day is celebrated on **September 21st** in the Western Christian tradition. Saint Matthew is often depicted with a winged man or angel, symbolizing his role as an evangelist.

Saint Matthew, also known as Matthew the Apostle or Matthew the Evangelist, was one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ. He is traditionally regarded as the author of the **Gospel of Matthew**.

### Early Life and Calling
- **Occupation**: Before following Jesus, Matthew was a **tax collector** (or "publican"), a profession that was reviled in ancient Judaism.

- **Call by Jesus**: Jesus called Matthew to follow him, and he immediately left his tax booth to become one of Jesus' disciples.

### Ministry and Gospel
- **Gospel of Matthew**: Matthew is credited with writing the Gospel of Matthew, one of the four canonical gospels in the New Testament.

- **Evangelist**: As an evangelist, Matthew's gospel focuses on the teachings and life of Jesus, emphasizing Jesus' role as the Messiah and the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies.

### Symbol and Patronage
- **Symbol**: Matthew is often symbolized by a **winged man or angel**, representing his role as an evangelist.

- **Patronage**: He is considered
the patron saint of **tax collectors, accountants, and customs officers**.

### Death and Feast Day

- **Martyrdom**: According to tradition, Matthew was martyred for his faith, although the exact details of his death are uncertain.

- **Feast Day**: Saint Matthew's feast day is celebrated on **September 21** in the Western Christian tradition.

Saint Matthew's contributions to Christianity, particularly through his gospel, have had a lasting impact on the faith and its teachings.

(1) Who Was Matthew the Apostle? The Beginner’s Guide. https://overviewbible.com/matthew-the-apostle/.
(2) Saint Matthew - New World Encyclopedia. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Saint_Matthew.
(3) Matthew the Apostle - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle.
(4) Saint Matthew | History, Facts, Feast Day, & Death | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Matthew.

Saint Eustace

"Ss. Eustachii et Sociorum Martyrum" refers to **Saint Eustace and his Companion Martyrs**. Saint Eustace, also known as **Saint Eustachius**, was a Roman general who converted to Christianity and was martyred for his faith along with his family. They are commemorated together as martyrs in the Catholic Church. Their feast day is celebrated on **September 20th**.

Saint Eustace, also known as Eustachius or Eustathius, is revered as a Christian martyr. According to legend, he was martyred in AD 118 at the command of Emperor Hadrian. Eustace was originally a pagan Roman general named Placidus who converted to Christianity after having a vision of the cross while hunting.

After his conversion, he was baptized and took the name Eustachius, while his wife and sons also converted and were baptized. Eustace and his family faced numerous hardships, including losing their wealth and being separated. Eventually, they were reunited and Eustace was called back to lead the Roman army. However, after refusing to sacrifice to pagan Roman gods, he and his family were martyred by being roasted to death inside a brass bull.

Saint Eustace is one of the 14 Holy Helpers and is a patron saint of hunters. His feast day is celebrated on September 20 in both Eastern and Western traditions. He is often depicted with a stag, a crucifix, or an oven, symbolizing his vision and martyrdom.

(1) Saint Eustace - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Eustace.
(2) Saint Eustace | Biography, Feast Day, & Facts | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Eustace.
(3) Saint Eustace - Wikiwand articles. https://www.wikiwand.com/en/articles/Saint_Eustace.

Saint Januarius, Bishop, and his Companions, Martyrs

**S. Januarii Episcopi and Sociorum Martyrum** refers to **Saint Januarius, Bishop, and his Companions, Martyrs**. Saint Januarius, also known as **San Gennaro**, was a bishop of Benevento in Italy and is famous for his martyrdom during the Diocletianic Persecution around **305 AD**. He is particularly known for the **miracle of the liquefaction of his blood**, which occurs three times a year in Naples, Italy.

The feast day of Saint Januarius and his companions is celebrated on **September 19th**. This day commemorates their martyrdom and the miracles associated with Saint Januarius. The traditional Latin Mass for this feast is known as **"Missa Salus autem"**.

The **miracle of the liquefaction of Saint Januarius' blood** is a well-known phenomenon that occurs in Naples, Italy. This miracle involves the transformation of the dried blood of Saint Januarius (San Gennaro) into liquid form. Here are some key points about this miracle:

1. **Historical Background**: The first recorded instance of the miracle dates back to **1389**. The blood is preserved in two glass ampoules and is kept in the Naples Cathedral.

2. **Occurrence**: The miracle traditionally occurs **three times a year**:
- On **September 19th**, the feast day of Saint Januarius.
- On the **Saturday before the first Sunday in May**, commemorating the transfer of his relics to Naples.
- On **December 16th**, marking the anniversary of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1631, when the saint's intercession is believed to have saved the city.

3. **Process**: During the ceremony, the archbishop holds up and rotates the ampoules containing the blood. The dried blood then liquefies, covering the glass from side to side⁴. The faithful believe that this miracle occurs in response to their prayers and dedication.

4. **Significance**: The liquefaction of the blood is seen as a sign of Saint Januarius' protection over Naples. In Neapolitan lore, the failure of the blood to liquefy is considered an omen of impending disaster, such as war, famine, or disease.

The miracle of liquefaction continues to be a significant event for the people of Naples and attracts many pilgrims and tourists each year.

Saint Januarius, also known as **San Gennaro**, is highly revered in Naples for several reasons:

1. **Patron Saint**: Saint Januarius is the **patron saint of Naples**. His intercession is believed to have protected the city from various disasters, including the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 1631.

2. **Miracle of Liquefaction**: The most famous reason for his reverence is the **miracle of the liquefaction of his blood**. This miracle occurs three times a year, during which the dried blood of the saint, kept in glass ampoules, liquefies. This event is seen as a sign of his ongoing protection and presence among the people of Naples.

3. **Historical Significance**: The first recorded instance of the miracle dates back to **1389**. The consistent occurrence of this miracle over the centuries has strengthened the faith and devotion of the people.

4. **Cultural Impact**: The feast day of Saint Januarius, celebrated on **September 19th**, is a major event in Naples. It includes religious ceremonies, processions, and various cultural activities, drawing large crowds of locals and pilgrims.

5. **Symbol of Hope**: The liquefaction of the blood is considered a symbol of hope and divine intervention. When the blood fails to liquefy, it is often seen as an omen of impending disaster, which further emphasizes the importance of the miracle to the people.

Saint Januarius' legacy and the miracle associated with him continue to be a significant part of the religious and cultural identity of Naples.

(1) The Blood of St. Januarius: Everything You Need to Know About the Miracle of Liquefaction. https://www.ncregister.com/cna/the-blood-of-st-januarius-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-miracle-of-liquefaction.
(2) St. Januarius’ blood miraculously liquifies again in Naples. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/256313/st-januarius-blood-miraculously-liquifies-again-in-naples.
(3) Quick Facts About the Miracle of Liquefaction of the Blood of Saint .... https://www.catholicbusinessjournal.com/news/faith-at-work/saints-at-work/quick-facts-about-the-miracle-of-liquefaction-of-the-blood-of-saint-januarius/.
(4) St. Januarius’ blood liquifies for first time in 2022. https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/251122/blood-of-san-gennaro-liquefies-for-first-time-in-2022.
(5) The Life and Miracles of Saint Januarius, Patron Saint of Naples. https://www.ilmattino.it/en/the_life_and_miracles_of_saint_januarius_patron_saint_of_naples-8363479.html.

Saint Joseph of Cupertino

**Saint Joseph of Cupertino**, a confessor in the Catholic Church, was born on June 17, 1603, in Cupertino, Kingdom of Naples, and died on September 18, 1663. Known for his deep devotion to the Lord and his church, his life was marked by ecstasies and levitations. He is the patron saint of air travelers, pilots, and those with learning disabilities. His feast day is celebrated on September 18.

**Giuseppe Desa**, born on June 17, 1603, in Cupertino, Kingdom of Naples, is a well-known Catholic saint and mystic, particularly famous for his levitation abilities and ecstatic visions, earning him the nickname "The Flying Saint."

Joseph's early life was marked by hardship and ridicule. His father died before his birth, leaving the family in debt, and his mother was forced to give birth to him in a stable. He was considered slow to learn and often absent-minded, which led to frequent scorn from his peers. Despite these challenges, Joseph felt a strong calling to religious life.

He initially applied to join the Conventual Franciscan friars but was rejected due to his lack of education. He then joined the Capuchin friars but was dismissed after eight months because of his continued ecstasies. Eventually, he was accepted as a servant at the Franciscan monastery, where he began to change, growing in humility and gentleness. His dedication and simplicity impressed the friars, and he was finally admitted to their order and ordained a priest in 1628.

Throughout his life, Joseph experienced numerous miraculous events. Over seventy times, people reported seeing him levitate while offering mass or praying. His deep love for God and devotion to the Blessed Virgin Mary were central to his spiritual life. He promoted devotion to Mary as a path to a deeper Christian life and love for Jesus Christ.

Saint Joseph of Cupertino is the patron saint of aviators, astronauts, students, and those with learning disabilities. His feast day is celebrated on September 18. His life and miracles continue to inspire many people around the world.

From the Breviary
O God, Who art pleased that thine Only-begotten Son being lifted up from the earth should draw all things unto Him, be entreated for the sake of thy servant Joseph, whom Thou didst make like unto one of the Seraphim, and so effectually work in us, that even as he, we also may be drawn up above all earthly lusts, and worthily attain unto Him:

This text is a prayer that acknowledges the divine nature of Jesus Christ, the Only-begotten Son of God, who was lifted up from the earth to draw all things unto Himself. The prayer seeks intercession for Saint Joseph of Cupertino, who was made like one of the Seraphim (the highest order of angels) due to his deep devotion and miraculous experiences. The prayer asks God to work in the hearts of the faithful so that, like Saint Joseph, they may rise above earthly desires and worthily attain union with Christ.

Here is the prayer in a more structured format:

```text

O God, Who art pleased that thine Only-begotten Son being lifted up from the earth should draw all things unto Him,
be entreated for the sake of thy servant Joseph,
whom Thou didst make like unto one of the Seraphim,
and so effectually work in us,
that even as he, we also may be drawn up above all earthly lusts,
and worthily attain unto Him:

``` This prayer reflects the deep spiritual aspirations of those who seek to follow the example of Saint Joseph of Cupertino in their journey towards holiness and union with God.

1. Joseph of Cupertino - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_of_Cupertino.
2. St. Joseph of Cupertino. https://stjosephcupertino.org/.
3. Saint Joseph of Cupertino’s Story – Conventual Franciscans. https://franciscanfriars.org/2024/09/17/3916/.
4. The Devotion and Miracles of Saint Joseph of Cupertino: The Patron .... https://www.catholic365.com/article/27298/the-devotion-and-miracles-of-saint-joseph-of-cupertino-the-patron-saint-of-aviators-astronauts-and-students.html.
5. The Saint Who Could Fly: The Astonishing Life of Saint Joseph of Cupertino. https://ewtn.co.uk/article-the-saint-who-could-fly-the-astonishing-life-of-saint-joseph-of-cupertino/.
6. . https://bing.com/search?q=S.+Josephi+de+Cupertino+Confessoris.
7. The Daily Mass: St Joseph of Cupertino - YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXDIh3dRXWQ.
8. ADDRESS OF JOHN PAUL II - Vatican. https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/2003/october/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_20031025_st-joseph-copertino.html.

Ss. Cornelii Papae et Cypriani Episcopi, Martyrum

The selected text refers to Saints Cornelius, Pope, and Cyprian, Bishop, Martyrs. These saints are commemorated together in the liturgical calendar on September 16th.

Saint Cornelius was the Pope from 251 to 253 AD. He is known for his efforts to maintain unity in the Church during the Novatian schism and for his compassionate stance towards Christians who had lapsed during persecution.

Saint Cornelius was born in Rome, Italy, and served as the Pope from 251 to 253 AD. His papacy occurred during a lull in the persecution of Christians under Emperor Decius. Cornelius was elected pope after the papacy had been vacant for more than a year following the martyrdom of Saint Fabian.

During his papacy, Cornelius faced significant challenges, including opposition from Novatian, the first anti-pope, who believed that apostates who repented could not be forgiven. With the support of Saint Cyprian, Cornelius confirmed his papal authority and maintained the Church's stance on forgiveness and reconciliation.

Cornelius was eventually exiled to Centumcellae (modern-day Civitavecchia, Italy) during the reign of Emperor Gallus and Volusian. He died in exile in 253 AD and is considered a martyr for his faith.

Saint Cornelius is commemorated with a feast day on September 16th, celebrated together with Saint Cyprian.

Saint Cyprian was the Bishop of Carthage and a prominent early Christian writer. He was a close friend of Cornelius and supported him during the schism. Cyprian is also known for his writings on the unity of the Church and the importance of the episcopate.

Both saints were martyred for their faith: Cornelius died in exile, and Cyprian was executed during the persecution of Christians under Emperor Valerian. Their joint feast day celebrates their contributions to the Church and their steadfast faith in the face of persecution.

In the Exaltation of the Holy Cross

The Latin phrase "In Exaltatione Sanctae Crucis" translates to "In the Exaltation of the Holy Cross" in English. This phrase refers to the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, which is celebrated on September 14. The feast commemorates the finding of the True Cross by Saint Helena in 326 AD and the recovery of the relics from the Persians in 628 AD²³.

The feast is significant in both the Eastern and Western Christian traditions and is one of the Twelve Great Feasts in the Byzantine Rite². It is a day of fasting and abstinence and is considered a major celebration in the liturgical calendar². The phrase is often used in liturgical texts and prayers associated with this feast.

Saint Helena, the mother of Emperor Constantine, is credited with finding the True Cross during her pilgrimage to the Holy Land around 326 AD. Here is a summary of how she found it:

1. **Pilgrimage to the Holy Land**: Saint Helena embarked on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem with the intention of finding the relics of Jesus Christ's crucifixion⁴.

2. **Excavation of the Site**: Upon her arrival, she ordered the excavation of a site that was believed to be the location of Jesus' crucifixion. This site had been covered by a Roman temple dedicated to Jupiter or Venus⁴.

3. **Discovery of Three Crosses**: During the excavation, three crosses were found. To determine which one was the True Cross, a miraculous test was conducted⁵.

4. **Miraculous Test**: According to tradition, a woman who was near death was brought to touch each of the three crosses. When she touched the third cross, she was miraculously healed, confirming it as the True Cross of Christ⁵.

5. **Construction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre**: Following the discovery, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built over the site to commemorate the finding of the True Cross⁴.

Saint Helena's discovery of the True Cross is considered one of the most significant events in Christian history, and her efforts are commemorated in the Feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross on September 14⁴⁵.

Saint Helena is believed to have found several significant relics during her pilgrimage to the Holy Land. These relics include:

1. **Fragments of the True Cross**: Pieces of the cross on which Jesus was crucified².
2. **Nails of the Crucifixion**: Nails that were used in the crucifixion of Jesus⁴.
3. **Crown of Thorns**: Thorns believed to be from the crown placed on Jesus' head during his crucifixion⁴.
4. **Titulus Crucis**: The inscription that was placed above Jesus' head on the cross, which read "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews"⁴.

These relics were brought back to Rome by Saint Helena and can still be venerated today in the **Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem**²³.

²: Origins of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross - ccwatershed.org
³: Triumph & Exaltation of the Holy Cross – Andrew of Cret
⁴: Visit the spot where St. Helena found the true Cross - Aleteia
⁵: St. Helena and the Finding of the True Cross - Lay Pers...


(1) Visit the spot where St. Helena found the true Cross - Aleteia. https://bing.com/search?q=How+did+Saint+Helena+find+the+True+Cross.
(2) St. Helena and the Finding of the True Cross - Lay Pers.... https://www.lettersfromthesaints.com/blog/st-helena-and-the-finding-of-the-true-cross.
(3) The Legend of the True Cross: The Story of St. Helena's Pilgrimage to the Holy Land. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oCLOneJmQ1c.
(4) Saint Helena, the First Archaeologist and Discoverer of the True Cross?. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IdxbK1DzVh4.
(5) Empress Helena discovers the 'True Cross'. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2y_GEXPl8zs.
(6) Visit the spot where St. Helena found the true Cross - Aleteia. https://aleteia.org/2021/08/25/visit-the-spot-where-st-helena-found-the-true-cross.
(7) Stolen and Found: The Story of the True Cross - Good Catholic. https://www.goodcatholic.com/stolen-and-found-the-story-of-the-true-cross/.
(8) How did St. Helena find the true cross of Jesus Christ? - Aleteia. https://aleteia.org/2021/08/18/how-did-st-helena-find-the-true-cross-of-jesus-christ.
(9) 8 Incredible relics from the Holy Land that St. Helena may have found .... https://aleteia.org/2018/08/18/8-incredible-relics-from-the-holy-land-that-st-helena-might-have-found.

The Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary

The text **"S. Nominis Beatae Mariae Virginis"** translates to **"The Most Holy Name of the Blessed Virgin Mary"**. This refers to the feast celebrated in honor of the name of the Virgin Mary. The feast is observed on **September 12th** each year and commemorates the name of Mary, which is revered in Catholic tradition.

The name **Mary** holds significant importance in Christianity and is deeply revered. Here are some key points about the significance of Mary's name:

1. **Meaning of the Name**: The name Mary comes from the Hebrew name **Miryam**, which can mean **"bitterness"**, **"rebelliousness"**, or **"wished-for child"**. Despite these meanings, Mary is often associated with qualities such as **grace**, **humility**, and **strength**.

2. **Mary, the Mother of Jesus**: Mary, the mother of Jesus, is one of the most prominent figures in the Bible. She was chosen by God to bear His Son, Jesus Christ, and her life is marked by significant events such as the **Annunciation**, the **Birth of Jesus**, and the **Presentation in the Temple**. Her unwavering faith and obedience to God's will have made her a model of discipleship and devotion.

3. **Symbol of Purity and Devotion**: In Christian theology, Mary is revered as a symbol of **purity**, **grace**, **devotion**, and **motherhood**. Her example encourages Christians to live lives characterized by trust in God and obedience to His will.

4. **Role in Jesus' Ministry**: Mary was present at various points during Jesus' ministry, including His first miracle at the wedding in Cana and His crucifixion¹. She is also known for her profound faith and humility, as reflected in her **Magnificat** (Luke 1:46-55), a hymn of praise to God.

5. **Inspiration to Believers**: Mary's life and example have inspired countless Christians throughout history. She is venerated not only as the mother of Christ but also as a model of faithfulness and devotion.

Overall, the name Mary and her role in Christianity hold deep spiritual significance, serving as a source of inspiration and a model of faith for believers.

From the Breviary
The honoured name of the Virgin Mary, which is said to mean Star of the Sea, is most fitting for the Virgin Mother. She may well be compared to a star; for, as a star beameth forth its rays without any diminution of its own lustre, so too the Virgin gave birth to a Son with no loss to her virginity. The departing rays do not lessen the star's brightness, nor Mary's Son her ínviolate maidenhood. She is, therefore, that noble star risen from Jacob and raised by nature above this great and wide sea. She shineth with merits, she enlighteneth with her example. Ye, all ye that are cast about upon sea of temporalities in storms and tempests more than ye walk on solid land, turn ye not your eyes away from the brightness of this star. Think of Mary, call on Mary, so that ye may experience for yourself how fittingly it was said, And the Virgin's name was Mary. - Pope Innocent XI ordered the Feast of this most holy name, which had already been honoured with a special rite in some parts of the Christian world, to be celebrated each year by the universal Church as a perpetual memorial of the great blessing of that signal victory won at Vienna in Austria over the cruel Turkish tyrant who had been grinding down the Christian people.

(1) What Does The Name Mary Mean In The Bible ... - Christian Website. https://www.christianwebsite.com/what-does-the-name-mary-mean-in-the-bible/.
(2) Meaning of The Name Mary (Biblical, Spiritual & General). https://www.jesus-everyday.com/meaning-of-the-name-mary-biblical-spiritual-general/.
(3) The Significance of Mary in Christianity: Exploring Bible Characters .... https://answeredfaith.com/bible-characters-named-mary/.
(4) Exploring Mary Name Meaning in the Bible – Deep Insights. https://bing.com/search?q=significance+of+Mary%27s+name+in+Christianity.
(5) Exploring Mary Name Meaning in the Bible – Deep Insights. https://biblemeanings.net/mary-name-meaning-bible/.
(6) Unveiling the Meaning of the Name Mary in the Bible - Web Agency Demo 1. https://biblemeanings.net/meaning-of-the-name-mary-in-the-bible/.

The Latin hymn "Rerum Creator optime"

The Latin hymn **"Rerum Creator optime"**. This hymn is traditionally attributed to **Pope St. Gregory the Great** (540-604 AD) and is used in the **Breviary and Missal** of the Catholic Church.

Here is the Latin version of the hymn:

```text

Rerum Creator optime,
Rectorque noster, adspice:
Nos a quiete noxia
Mersos sopore libera.

Te, sancte Christe, poscimus,
Ignosce culpis omnibus:
Ad confitendum surgimus,
Morasque noctis rumpimus.

Mentes manusque tollimus,
Propheta sicut noctibus
Nobis gerendum prsecipit,
Paulusque gestis censuit.

Vides malum quod fecimus:
Occulta nostra pandimus:
Preces gementes fundimus,
Dimitte quod peccavimus.

Præsta, Pater piissime,
Patrique compar Unice,
Cum Spiritu Paraclit
Regnans per omne sæculum.
Amen.

``` Translation:

Who madest all and dost control,
Lord, with thy touch divine,
Cast out the slumbers of the soul,
The rest that is not thine.
Look down, Eternal Holiness,
And wash the sins away,
Of those, who, rising to confess,
Outstrip the lingering day.
Our hearts and hands by night, O Lord,
We lift them in Our need;
As holy Psalmists give the word,
And holy Paul the deed.
Each sin to thee of years gone by,
Each hidden stain lies bare;
We shrink not from thine awful eye,
But pray that thou wouldst spare.
Grant this, O Father, Only Son
And Spirit, God of grace,
To whom all worship shall be done
In every time and place,
Amen.

The hymn is a prayer asking for God's divine touch to cast out the slumbers of the soul and wash away sins. It references the **holy Psalmists** and **Saint Paul** as examples of lifting hearts and hands in prayer. The hymn concludes with a doxology, praising the **Father, Son, and Holy Spirit**.

¹: [Rerum Creator optime - Catholic Cornucopia](^1^)
²: [The Hymns of the Breviary and Missal - Catholic Cornucopia](^2^)

(1) Rerum Creator optime : The Hymns of the Breviary and Missal : Catholic .... http://cathcorn.org/hotbam/15.html.
(2) The Hymns of the Breviary and Missal : Catholic Cornucopia. http://cathcorn.org/hotbam/.
(3) Rerum Creator optime : The Hymns of the Breviary and Missal : Catholic .... http://cathcorn.org/hotbam/15.html.
(4) The Hymns of the Breviary and Missal : Catholic Cornucopia. http://cathcorn.org/hotbam/.
(5) Morning Hymns. I. God who Madest Earth and Heaven, - Bible Hub. https://biblehub.com/library/winkworth/lyra_germanica_the_christian_year/morning_hymns_i_god_who.htm.

Saints Protus and Hyacinth

**Ss. Proti et Hyacinthi Martyrum** refers to **Saints Protus and Hyacinth**, who were Christian martyrs during the persecution of Emperor Valerian around **257–259 AD**¹². They are venerated in the Catholic Church, Coptic Orthodox Church, and Eastern Orthodox Church.

**Protus** and **Hyacinth** were brothers who served as chamberlains to **Saint Eugenia**. They were baptized along with her by **Helenus, Bishop of Heliopolis**. They devoted themselves to the study of sacred scripture and lived with the hermits of Egypt before accompanying Eugenia to Rome.

In Rome, they were arrested for their Christian faith. Despite being given the opportunity to renounce their faith, they refused to do so. As a result, they were subjected to severe scourging and ultimately beheaded on **September 11**. Their steadfastness in maintaining their faith in the face of persecution led to their martyrdom and subsequent veneration as saints. Their graves were later discovered in the **Catacomb of St. Hermes** on the **Via Salaria**.

Their graves are mentioned in the "Depositio Martyrum", in the chronographia for the year 354. The graves were located in the **Coemeterium of Basilla** on the **Via Salaria**, later known as the **Catacomb of St. Hermes**. In 1845, the still undisturbed grave of St. Hyacinth was discovered in a crypt of this catacomb.

Their feast day is celebrated on **September 11** in the Roman Catholic Church.


¹: [Protus and Hyacinth - Wikipedia](^1^)
²: [Sts. Protus and Hyacinth | EWTN](^2^)

(1) Protus and Hyacinth - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protus_and_Hyacinth.
(2) Sts. Protus and Hyacinth | EWTN. https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/saints/protus-and-hyacinth-446.
(3) Protus and Hyacinth - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protus_and_Hyacinth.

(4) Sts. Protus and Hyacinth | EWTN. https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/saints/protus-and-hyacinth-446.
(5) PROPER OF THE MASS (comm0911.htm) - dailycatholic.org. http://www.dailycatholic.org/issue/12Sep/comm0911.htm.
(6) MASS PROPER: SEPTEMBER 11, STS. PROTUS & HYACINTH, MARTYRS INTROIT .... https://extraordinaryform.org/propers/0911StsProtus&HyacinthMartyrs.pdf.

Saint Nicholas of Tolentino

**Saint Nicholas of Tolentino** (Latin: *S. Nicolaus de Tolentino*) was an Italian saint and mystic, born in 1245 in Sant'Angelo in Pontano, Italy. He is particularly known as the **Patron of Holy Souls** and is invoked as an advocate for the souls in Purgatory.

Nicholas became a friar of the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine at the age of 18 and was ordained a priest seven years later. He gained a reputation as a preacher and a confessor, ministering to the poor and criminals¹. He is said to have cured the sick with bread over which he had prayed to Mary, the Mother of God.

Saint Nicholas of Tolentino died on September 10, 1305, after a long illness. He was canonized by Pope Eugene IV on June 5, 1446. His feast day is celebrated on September 10.

Saint Nicholas of Tolentino is renowned for numerous miracles that have been attributed to his intercession. Here are some of the most notable ones:

1. **Healing the Sick**: Saint Nicholas was known for his ability to heal the sick. One of the most famous miracles involved curing a sick child with a simple prayer.

2. **Feeding the Poor**: He was also known for his charity work, including feeding the poor. He would often distribute bread that he had blessed, which was believed to have healing properties.

3. **Resurrecting the Dead**: One of the most extraordinary miracles attributed to Saint Nicholas is the resurrection of over 100 dead children, including several who had drowned together.

4. **Calming Storms**: Saint Nicholas was known to have calmed storms through his prayers, providing safety to those at sea.

5. **Saving the Burning Palace**: An apparition of Saint Nicholas is said to have saved the burning palace of the Doge of Venice by throwing a piece of blessed bread on the flames.

6. **Incorrupt Body**: The incorrupt body of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino lies in his tomb, and it is believed that grace opens souls to Christ through his intercession, operating conversions and miracles to this day.

These miracles highlight the profound impact of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino's faith and his dedication to serving others. His life and miracles continue to inspire and provide hope to many.

¹: [Nicholas of Tolentino - Wikipedia](^1^)

(1) Nicholas of Tolentino - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Tolentino.
(2) Nicholas of Tolentino - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_of_Tolentino.
(3) St. Nicholas of Tolentino | EWTN. https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/saints/nicholas-of-tolentino-711. (4) Saint Nicholas of Tolentino - Catholic Saint | Saint for a Minute .... https://www.saintforaminute.com/saints/saint_nicholas_of_tolentino.
(5) Saint Nicholas of Tolentino — Google Arts & Culture. https://artsandculture.google.com/story/iQWBEZm6lEqzZw.

Saint Peter Claver, Priest

The Memorial of Saint Peter Claver, Priest, is celebrated on **September 9th**. Saint Peter Claver was a Jesuit priest from Catalonia who dedicated his life to ministering to enslaved Africans in Cartagena, Colombia. He served them for **thirty-eight years**, baptizing over **300,000** individuals. He is known for his Christlike compassion and his efforts to confront the horrors of slavery.

Saint Peter Claver was canonized by Pope Leo XIII on January 15, 1888. He is the patron saint of African missions, African-Americans, black missions, black people, foreign missions, interracial justice, slaves, and Colombia. His life and work continue to inspire many to strive for peace and justice in their communities.

The Memorial of Saint Peter Claver, Priest, is celebrated on **September 9th**. Saint Peter Claver was a Jesuit priest from Catalonia who dedicated his life to ministering to enslaved Africans in Cartagena, Colombia. He served them for **thirty-eight years**, baptizing over **300,000** individuals³. He is known for his Christlike compassion and his efforts to confront the horrors of slavery.

Saint Peter Claver was canonized by Pope Leo XIII on January 15, 1888. He is the patron saint of African missions, African-Americans, black missions, black people, foreign missions, interracial justice, slaves, and Colombia. His life and work continue to inspire many to strive for peace and justice in their communities.

Several miracles are attributed to Saint Peter Claver, both during his lifetime and after his death. Here are some notable ones:

1. **Healing the Sick**: Saint Peter Claver was known for his miraculous healings. There were instances when he healed the sick with the touch of his cloak.

2. **Supernatural Light**: During his hospital visits, he was sometimes seen surrounded by a supernatural light.

3. **Miracles in America**: After his death, three miracles from America were attributed to him: one in St. Louis, one in Milwaukee, and one in Philadelphia.

4. **Miracle for Canonization**: One of the miracles chosen for his canonization process was formally declared authentic in Rome by Cardinal Bianchi in 1887.

These miracles contributed to his canonization and the recognition of his holiness and dedication to serving others.

(1) Feast of St. Peter Claver | USCCB. https://www.usccb.org/committees/ad-hoc-committee-against-racism/feast-st-peter-claver.
(2) Fighting slavery like a saint: The story of St. Peter Claver, SJ. https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2024/09/09/fight-slavery-like-a-saint-the-story-of-peter-claver/.
(3) St. Peter Claver - My Catholic Life!. https://mycatholic.life/saints/saints-of-the-liturgical-year/september-9-saint-peter-claver/.
(4) Celebrate the Memorial of St. Peter Claver. https://dosafl.com/2021/09/07/celebrate-the-feast-of-st-peter-claver/.
(5) Peter Claver - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Claver.
(6) en.wikipedia.org. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Claver.

Somno refectis artubus

The hymn "Our limbs refreshed with slumber now" originates from the Latin hymn "Somno refectis artubus," which is attributed to **Saint Ambrose** (340-397 AD). Saint Ambrose was a bishop of Milan and one of the most influential ecclesiastical figures of the 4th century. He is known for his contributions to Christian hymnody and liturgy.

The hymn is traditionally sung at Matins on Mondays and is part of the **Breviary and Missal**¹. The English translation of this hymn was done by **John Mason Neale**, a 19th-century Anglican priest and hymnologist. Neale's translations of ancient hymns have been widely appreciated for their poetic quality and faithfulness to the original texts.
Here is the text of the hymn in a code block for clarity:

```text

Our limbs refreshed with slumber now,
And sloth cast off, in prayer we bow;
And while we sing thy praises dear,
O Father, be thou present here.
To thee our earliest morning song,
To thee our hearts full powers belong;
And thou, O Holy One, prevent
Each following action and intent.
As shades at morning flee away,
And night before the star of day;
So each transgression of the night
Be purged by thee, celestial Light!
Cut off, we pray thee, each offense,
And every lust of thought and sense:
That by their lips who thee adore
Thou mayst be praised forevermore.
Grant this, O Father ever One
With Christ, thy sole-begotten Son,
And Holy Ghost, whom all adore,
Reigning and blest forevermore.
Amen.

``` ¹: [Catholic Cornucopia](^1^)
³: [Hymnary.org](^3^)

(1) Somno refectis artubus : The Hymns of the Breviary and Missal .... http://cathcorn.org/hotbam/11.html.
(2) Our limbs refreshed with slumber now | Hymnary.org. https://patrick.calvin.edu/text/our_limbs_refreshed_with_slumber_now.
(3) Somno refectis artubus : The Hymns of the Breviary and Missal .... http://cathcorn.org/hotbam/11.html.
(4) Our limbs refreshed with slumber now | Hymnary.org. https://patrick.calvin.edu/text/our_limbs_refreshed_with_slumber_now.
(5) OPenn: Lewis E M 70:5-8 Choir psalter and Hymnal. https://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_m_070_005-008.html.

Saint Gorgonius

**Saint Gorgonius** was a Christian martyr who suffered during the Diocletianic Persecution in AD 304. He held a high position in the household of the emperor and was martyred alongside Peter Cubicularius and Dorotheus.

Gorgonius is venerated in both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church. His feast day is celebrated on **September 9** in the Roman Catholic Church and on **March 12** in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

Saint Gorgonius of Rome, who is sometimes confused with Gorgonius of Nicomedia, is commemorated on **September 9**. He was buried in the cemetery known as "Inter duas lauros" on the Via Labicana.

Saint Gorgonius is venerated for his steadfastness and courage, which have inspired countless Christians throughout history. His relics were highly revered, and portions of his body were distributed to various churches, although many were lost during the French Revolution.

Saint Gorgonius of Rome endured severe torments and cruelty during his martyrdom. According to historical accounts, he was arrested by Roman authorities for openly professing his Christian faith. The specific details of his torments are scarce, but it is believed that he faced brutal treatment and torture before his execution.

In general, early Christian martyrs like Saint Gorgonius often faced various forms of torture, such as being beaten, scourged, and subjected to other physical and psychological torments. Despite the suffering, Saint Gorgonius remained steadfast in his faith and refused to renounce his beliefs.

His unwavering commitment to Christ and his willingness to endure such cruelty for the sake of his faith have made him an enduring symbol of courage and devotion in the Christian tradition.

Early Christian martyrdom in Rome was a period of intense persecution and suffering for Christians who openly professed their faith. The most notorious period of persecution began under Emperor Nero in AD 64, following the Great Fire of Rome. Nero blamed the Christians for the fire, leading to widespread arrests and executions.

The First Martyrs of the Church of Rome, celebrated on June 30th, were among those who suffered during Nero's persecution. According to historical accounts, many Christians were put to death in brutal ways. Some were sewn into the bellies of animals and fed to wild dogs, while others were crucified or burned alive.

The historian Tacitus and Pope Clement I recorded these events, highlighting the extreme cruelty faced by early Christians. Saints Peter and Paul were also believed to be among the victims of Nero's persecution.

Despite the severe torments, the early Christian martyrs remained steadfast in their faith, inspiring future generations of Christians. Their courage and dedication to their beliefs have made them enduring symbols of faith and devotion in the Christian tradition.

(1) First Martyrs of the Church of Rome - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Martyrs_of_the_Church_of_Rome.
(2) First Martyrs of the Church of Rome - Franciscan Media. https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saint-of-the-day/first-martyrs-of-the-church-of-rome/.
(3) First Martyrs of the Church of Rome - My Catholic Life!. https://mycatholic.life/saints/saints-of-the-liturgical-year/june-30-first-martyrs-of-the-church-of-rome/.
(4) The Early Christian Martyrs: Persecutions in the Roman Empire. https://www.thecollector.com/early-christian-martyrs/.

Homily by St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. Bk. 7 on Luke XIV

Homily by St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. Bk. 7 on Luke XIV Now is healed this man sick of the dropsy, in whom too much watery matter had well-nigh drowned the functions of life, and quenched the fire of understanding. Anon, a lesson is given in lowly-mindedness, when it is forbidden to the guests at a marriage feast to go and sit down unasked in the highest room, albeit the Lord spake gently, that the teaching of courtesy might forestall a harsh rebuke, reason prevail by dint of persuasion, and the desires be bent to follow the instruction. And upon this, as next-door neighbour, cometh courtesy, which is so called by the Lord, when it is shown to the poor and weak, since to show it to them from whom we are to receive aught, is but a movement of self-interest.

The above text from a **homily by St. Ambrose, Bishop of Milan**, specifically from **Book 7 on Luke XIV**. In this homily, St. Ambrose reflects on the healing of a man with dropsy by Jesus. Dropsy, known today as edema, is a condition characterized by abnormal swelling due to the accumulation of fluid in the body's tissues.

St. Ambrose describes how the excessive watery matter in the man with dropsy had nearly drowned the functions of life and quenched the fire of understanding. Jesus' healing of this man is a demonstration of His compassion and divine power.

Following the healing, St. Ambrose discusses a lesson in humility, where Jesus advises guests at a marriage feast not to take the highest place uninvited. This teaching of courtesy is meant to prevent a harsh rebuke and to encourage reason and persuasion. St. Ambrose emphasizes that true courtesy is shown to the poor and weak, rather than those from whom we expect something in return, as the latter is merely an act of self-interest.

This homily highlights the themes of healing, humility, and genuine courtesy as taught by Jesus.

Humility is a central virtue in Christianity, and it is emphasized throughout the Bible and Christian teachings. Here are some key aspects of humility in Christianity:

1. **Recognition of Dependence on God**: Humility involves acknowledging our limitations, weaknesses, and complete dependence on God. It is about recognizing that we are not self-sufficient and that we need God's grace and guidance in our lives.

2. **Imitating Christ**: Jesus Christ is the ultimate model of humility. He humbled Himself by becoming human and obediently accepting death on the cross (Philippians 2:5-8). Christians are called to imitate Christ's humility by serving others and putting their needs before our own.

3. **Trusting in God's Wisdom**: Humility means trusting in God's wisdom and following His will, even when it goes against our own desires or understanding. It involves submitting to God's authority and recognizing that His ways are higher than our ways (Isaiah 55:8-9).

4. **Serving Others**: Humility is closely linked to service. Jesus taught that true greatness comes from serving others, not from seeking power or recognition (Matthew 20:26-28). Christians are encouraged to serve others selflessly and to consider others more important than themselves (Philippians 2:3-4).

5. **Avoiding Pride and Arrogance**: Humility involves rejecting pride and arrogance. The Bible warns against the dangers of pride and emphasizes the importance of humility in maintaining a right relationship with God and others (Proverbs 16:18, James 4:6).

6. **Genuine Gratitude**: Humility is characterized by genuine gratitude for God's blessings and a lack of entitlement. It involves recognizing that everything we have is a gift from God and being thankful for His provision (1 Thessalonians 5:18).

7. **Building Healthy Relationships**: Humility is essential for building healthy relationships. It helps us to prioritize others, seek reconciliation, and maintain unity within the Christian community (Ephesians 4:2-3).

In summary, humility in Christianity is about recognizing our dependence on God, imitating Christ's example, serving others, trusting in God's wisdom, avoiding pride, expressing genuine gratitude, and building healthy relationships. It is a foundational virtue that shapes the Christian life and fosters spiritual growth.

¹: [What is Humility? Bible Meaning and Importance Today](^1^)
²: [Cultivating Humility: A Biblical Perspective for Spiritual Growth and ...](^2^)
³: [The Power of Humility: Why It’s Crucial for Christian Life](^3^)
⁴: [What Is the Meaning of Humility in the Bible? - Topical Studies](^4^)
(1) Cultivating Humility: A Biblical Perspective for Spiritual Growth and .... https://www.wisdomonline.org/blog/humility.
(2) What is Humility? Bible Meaning and Importance Today - Christianity. https://www.christianity.com/wiki/christian-terms/what-does-humility-mean-in-the-bible-why-should-we-be-humble.html.
(3) The Power of Humility: Why It’s Crucial for Christian Life - temporary. https://christianeducatorsacademy.com/the-power-of-humility-why-its-crucial-for-christian-life/.
(4) What Is the Meaning of Humility in the Bible? - Topical Studies. https://www.biblestudytools.com/bible-study/topical-studies/what-is-the-meaning-of-humility-in-the-bible.html.
(5) What is Humility? Bible Meaning and Importance Toda - Christianity. https://www.christianity.com/wiki/christian-terms/what-does-humility-mean-in-the-bible-why-should-we-be-humble.html.
(6) Cultivating Humility: A Biblical Perspective for Spiritual Growth and .... https://www.wisdomonline.org/blog/humility.
(7) The Power of Humility: Why It’s Crucial for Christian Life - temporary. https://christianeducatorsacademy.com/the-power-of-humility-why-its-crucial-for-christian-life/.
(8) What Is the Meaning of Humility in the Bible? - Topical Studies. https://www.biblestudytools.com/bible-study/topical-studies/what-is-the-meaning-of-humility-in-the-bible.html.

Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary

"In Nativitate Beatæ Mariæ Virginis" refers to the **Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary**. This feast is celebrated on **September 8th** each year in the Roman Catholic Church. It commemorates the birth of the Virgin Mary, who is honored as the mother of Jesus Christ. This feast is significant as it marks the beginning of the fulfillment of God's plan for the salvation of humanity through Jesus Christ.

The **Nativity of Mary** is important in Christian theology for several reasons:

1. **Fulfillment of Prophecies**: Mary's birth marks the fulfillment of Old Testament prophecies and the beginning of the New Testament era. Her birth brings to an end the stage of expectation and promises, and inaugurates the era of grace and salvation in Jesus Christ.

2. **Immaculate Conception**: According to Catholic belief, Mary was conceived without original sin, making her a pure and suitable vessel to carry the Son of God. Her purity and grace are seen as preconditions for the coming of the Messiah.

3. **Universal Joy**: The Nativity of Mary is considered a day of universal joy because through her, the entire human race was renewed, and the sorrow of the first mother, Eve, was transformed into joy.

4. **Mother of the Savior**: Mary's birth is ordained toward her mission as the Mother of the Savior. She plays a crucial role in Christian theology as the mother of Jesus, the Son of God.

5. **Example of Faith**: Mary's faithful perseverance in doing the will of God and her heavenly reward are sources of courage and hope for all Christians.

These aspects highlight the significance of the Nativity of Mary in Christian theology and its importance in the liturgical calendar.

Mary, the mother of Jesus, serves as a profound model for Christians in several ways:

**Faith and Obedience**: Mary exemplifies unwavering faith and obedience to God's will. When the angel Gabriel announced that she would conceive Jesus, she responded with complete trust and submission: "Let it be done to me according to your word" (Luke 1:38). Her acceptance of God's plan, despite the challenges it posed, is a powerful example of faith and obedience for all believers.

**Humility and Service**: Mary's humility is evident in her Magnificat, where she praises God for looking upon her lowliness and exalting her (Luke 1:46-55). She also demonstrates a spirit of service by visiting her cousin Elizabeth to assist her during her pregnancy (Luke 1:39-45). Her humility and willingness to serve others are qualities that Christians are called to emulate.

**Maternal Love and Care**: As the mother of Jesus, Mary embodies the virtues of motherhood and unconditional love. She cared for Jesus from His birth, through His childhood, and even stood by Him during His crucifixion (John 19:25-27). Her maternal love and care are seen as a model for all mothers and caregivers.

**Perseverance and Suffering**: Mary experienced great joy as well as profound sorrow, such as witnessing the suffering and death of her Son. Her perseverance through these trials, while maintaining her faith, serves as an inspiration for Christians to remain steadfast in their faith during difficult times.

**Intercession and Advocacy**: Mary is often invoked as an intercessor and advocate for believers. Her role in the wedding at Cana, where she interceded with Jesus to perform His first miracle (John 2:1-11), highlights her compassionate and caring nature. Christians look to Mary as a powerful intercessor who brings their prayers and needs before God.

**Model of Discipleship**: Mary followed Jesus from His conception to His death on the cross, demonstrating perfect discipleship. Her life of faith, obedience, humility, and service provides a clear and inspiring example of what it means to be a true disciple of Christ.

These aspects of Mary's life and character make her a significant model for Christians, inspiring them to live lives of faith, humility, service, and perseverance.

¹: [Mary's Legacy: Understanding The Mother Of Jesus](^2^)

(1) Nativity of Mary | EWTN. https://bing.com/search?q=importance+of+the+Nativity+of+Mary+in+Christian+theology.
(2) The Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary – Young Catholics. https://young-catholics.com/4271/the-nativity-of-the-blessed-virgin-mary/.
(3) The Meaning of Mary's Nativity « Catholic Insight. https://catholicinsight.com/the-meaning-of-marys-nativity/.
(4) Nativity of Mary | EWTN. https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/seasons-and-feast-days/nativity-of-mary-21252.
(5) Mary's Legacy: Understanding The Mother Of Jesus. https://theenlightenmentjourney.com/marys-legacy-understanding-the-mother-of-jesus/.

Nine First Fridays Devotion

The **First Fridays Devotion**, also known as the **Nine First Fridays Devotion** or the **Communions of Reparation to the Sacred Heart**, is a Catholic devotion in honor of the **Sacred Heart of Jesus**. This devotion aims to offer reparations for sins to the Blessed Sacrament.

The devotion consists of several practices performed on the first Fridays of nine consecutive months. On these days, a person is to attend Mass and receive the Eucharist with the intention of honoring the Sacred Heart and making reparation for sins. The nine First Fridays must be consecutive.

The First Friday devotion is associated with the Sacred Heart of Jesus, while the First Saturday devotion is associated with the Immaculate Heart of Mary. The devotion involves receiving Holy Communion on the first Friday of each month as a special act of reparation and love to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

The **First Fridays Devotion** originated from the apparitions of Jesus Christ to **St. Margaret Mary Alacoque** in the 17th century at **Paray-le-Monial, France**. St. Margaret Mary reported visions of Jesus directing her to promote devotion to the **Sacred Heart of Jesus** on nine consecutive First Fridays. This devotion was intended to offer reparation for sins and to show love to Jesus.

The devotion was fully approved by the Roman Catholic Church, and a "Great Promise" of final penance was made to those who practice the First Fridays Devotion. This promise includes the grace of final repentance and the assurance of receiving the sacraments before death.

To observe the **First Fridays Devotion**, you need to follow these steps on the first Friday of each month for nine consecutive months:

1. **Attend Holy Mass**: Participate in the Holy Mass on the first Friday of each month.

2. **Receive Holy Communion**: Receive the Eucharist worthily with the intention of honoring the Sacred Heart of Jesus and making reparation for sins.

3. **Go to Confession**:

4. **Offer Each Holy Communion as an Act of Atonement**: Offer each Holy Communion as an act of atonement for offenses against the Blessed Sacrament.

To receive the Eucharist worthily, the following requirements must be met:

1. **State of Grace**: You must be in a state of grace, meaning you should not have any unconfessed mortal sins. If you have committed a mortal sin, you need to go to Confession before receiving the Eucharist.

2. **Faith in the True Presence**: You must have faith in the true presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist. Receiving without belief is considered sacrilegious and prevents you from receiving the grace Christ wants to give.

3. **Eucharistic Fast**: You should observe the Eucharistic fast, which typically means abstaining from food and drink (except water and medicine) for at least one hour before receiving the Eucharist.

4. **Proper Disposition**: Approach the Eucharist with reverence and a proper disposition. This includes being intentional, preparing through prayer, and actively participating in the liturgy.

5. **Follow-Up**: After receiving the Eucharist, offer a prayer of love and thanksgiving to Jesus for the gift of His Body and Blood.

While **adoration** is not a strict requirement for the **First Fridays Devotion**, it is a common and highly recommended practice. The primary requirements for the devotion are attending Mass and receiving Holy Communion on the first Friday of each month for nine consecutive months, with the intention of honoring the Sacred Heart of Jesus and making reparation for sins.

However, many parishes offer **Eucharistic Adoration** and **Benediction** as part of the First Friday observances. This allows the faithful to spend additional time in prayer and adoration before the Blessed Sacrament, deepening their devotion and love for the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

**Eucharistic Adoration** is a devotional practice in which the faithful worship the real presence of Jesus Christ in the Eucharist. This practice involves spending time in prayer and adoration before the Blessed Sacrament, which is the consecrated host that has been transformed into the Body, Blood, Soul, and Divinity of Jesus Christ.

During Eucharistic Adoration, the Blessed Sacrament is typically displayed in a monstrance, a special vessel designed to hold and display the consecrated host. The faithful are invited to come and spend time in the presence of Jesus, offering prayers, meditations, and acts of worship.

Eucharistic Adoration can be done individually or as part of a communal service. Some parishes offer **Perpetual Adoration**, where the Blessed Sacrament is exposed 24 hours a day, allowing the faithful to come and adore Jesus at any time.

The practice of Eucharistic Adoration helps deepen one's relationship with Jesus, fosters a sense of peace and spiritual renewal, and provides an opportunity for personal reflection and prayer.

**St. Margaret Mary Alacoque** emphasized the importance of **Eucharistic Adoration** in her visions and messages. During one of her mystical experiences, Jesus revealed to her the need for a "Holy Hour" of reparation, which involves spending time in adoration before the Blessed Sacrament. This practice was intended to make reparation for the offenses and ingratitude shown to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.

While Eucharistic Adoration is not a strict requirement for the **First Fridays Devotion**, it is highly recommended and aligns with the spirit of the devotion. Adoration allows the faithful to deepen their relationship with Jesus and show their love and reverence for the Blessed Sacrament.

(1) First Friday Devotion - Fatima. https://fatima.org/first-friday-devotion/.

(2) How to Observe First Fridays and First Saturdays. https://www.simplycatholic.com/how-to-observe-first-fridays-and-first-saturdays/.

(3) The First Friday Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus. https://corjesusacratissimum.org/introduction-devotion-to-sacred-heart-of-jesus/the-first-friday-devotion-to-the-sacred-heart-of-jesus/.

(4) First Friday Devotion - The Catholic Crusade. https://thecatholiccrusade.com/first-friday-devotion/.

By observing these practices, we can fulfill the requirements of the First Fridays Devotion and receive the promises associated with it, such as the grace of final repentance and the assurance of receiving the sacraments before death.

Saint Lawrence Justinian

S. Laurentii Justiniani Episcopi et Confessoris refers to Saint Lawrence Justinian, who was a bishop and confessor. He was the first Patriarch of Venice and is celebrated for his piety, humility, and dedication to the Church. His feast day is observed on September 5th.

Saint Lawrence Justinian was born in 1381 and became a priest in 1406. He was known for his ascetic lifestyle and deep spirituality. In 1433, he was appointed as the Bishop of Castello, and later, in 1451, he became the first Patriarch of Venice. He passed away on January 8, 1456.

Saint Lawrence Justinian is remembered for his numerous writings on spiritual and theological matters, as well as his efforts to reform the clergy and promote religious education. His life and works continue to inspire many in the Christian faith.

Saint Lawrence Justinian, also known as Lorenzo Giustiniani, was born on July 1, 1381, in Venice, Italy. He was a member of the illustrious Giustiniani family, which included several saints. His mother’s piety greatly influenced his spiritual development.

Early Life and Religious Vocation
Lawrence was known for his serious character and dedication to piety from a young age. In 1404, after being ordained a deacon, he joined a community of canons regular on the island of San Giorgio in Alga. He was admired for his poverty, mortification, and fervency of prayer. Two years after his ordination to the priesthood in 1407, he became the first prior of the community.

Bishop and Patriarch
In 1433, Pope Eugene IV appointed Lawrence as the Bishop of Castello. He found the diocese in disarray and worked diligently to reform and grow it. In 1451, Pope Nicholas V united the Diocese of Castello with the Patriarchate of Grado, making Lawrence the first Patriarch of Venice. He held this position until his death in 1456.

Contributions and Works
Saint Lawrence Justinian was known for his numerous writings on spiritual and theological matters. His works include sermons, letters, and ascetic treatises. Some of his notable works are:
- **Lignum vitae (1419)**
- **De casto connubio Verbi et animae (1425)**
- **De compunctione et complanctu christianae perfectionis (1428)**

Legacy and Veneration
Saint Lawrence Justinian passed away on **January 8, 1456**. He was beatified on **October 7, 1524**, by Pope Clement VII and canonized on **October 16, 1690**, by Pope Alexander VIII. His feast day is celebrated on **September 5th** in the General Roman Calendar and on **January 8th** in the Catholic Church.

Saint Lawrence Justinian is remembered for his deep spirituality, dedication to reforming the clergy, and promoting religious education. His life and works continue to inspire many in the Christian faith.

(1) Lawrence Justinian - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Justinian.
(2) Lawrence Justinian, Saint | Catholic Answers Encyclopedia. https://www.catholic.com/encyclopedia/lawrence-justinian-saint.
(3) Saint Lawrence Justinian - Catholicism Has the Answer. https://catholicismhastheanswer.com/saint-lawrence-justinian/.
(4) Lawrence Justinian, St. - Encyclopedia.com. https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lawrence-justinian-st.
(5) 1721 Saint Lawrence Justinian Catholic Bishop of Medieval Venice .... https://www.schilbantiquarian.com/product/1721-saint-lawrence-justinian-catholic-bishop-of-medieval-venice-sermons-folio/.
(6) St Lawrence Giustiniani – Feast Day – January 8 2025. https://catholicreadings.org/saint-lawrence-giustiniani/.

Te Deum

We praise thee, O God, * we acknowledge thee to be the Lord.
All the earth doth worship thee, * the Father everlasting.
To thee all Angels cry aloud, * the Heavens, and all the Powers therein.
To thee Cherubim and Seraphim * continually do cry.

bow head

Holy, Holy, Holy * Lord God of Sabaoth;
Heaven and earth are full * of the Majesty of thy glory.
The glorious company of the Apostles * praise thee.
The goodly fellowship of the Prophets * praise thee.
The noble army of Martyrs * praise thee.
The holy Church throughout all the world * doth acknowledge thee;
The Father, * of an infinite Majesty.
Thine honourable, true, * and only Son;
Also the Holy Ghost, * the Comforter.
Thou art the King of Glory, * O Christ.
Thou art the everlasting * Son of the Father.

During the following verse all make a profound bow:


When thou tookest upon thee to deliver man, * thou didst not abhor the Virgin's womb.
When thou hadst overcome the sharpness of death, * thou didst open the Kingdom of Heaven to all believers.
Thou sittest at the right hand of God, * in the glory of the Father.
We believe that thou shalt come * to be our Judge.

Kneel for the following verse

We therefore pray thee, help thy servants, * whom thou hast redeemed with thy precious Blood.
Make them to be numbered with thy Saints, * in glory everlasting.
O Lord, save thy people, * and bless thine heritage.
Govern them, * and lift them up for ever.
Day by day * we magnify thee;

During the following verse, by local custom, all make a profound bow.

And we worship thy Name * ever, world without end.
Vouchsafe, O Lord, to keep us * this day without sin.
O Lord, have mercy upon us, * have mercy upon us.
O Lord, let thy mercy lighten upon us, * as our trust is in thee.
O Lord, in thee have I trusted, * let me never be confounded.

Te Deum, an ancient Christian hymn of praise, traditionally attributed to Saints Ambrose and Augustine. It is often used in liturgical services, particularly in the **Liturgy of the Hours** and during special occasions of thanksgiving and celebration.

Here is a brief overview of the **Te Deum**:

- **Opening Praise**: The hymn begins with a declaration of praise to God, acknowledging Him as the Lord and Creator of all things.

- **Angelic Worship**: It describes the worship of God by angels, cherubim, and seraphim, who continually cry out "Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord God of Sabaoth."

- **Praise by Saints**: The hymn continues by mentioning the praise given to God by the apostles, prophets, and martyrs.

- **Universal Church**: It acknowledges the holy Church throughout the world, which honors the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

- **Christ's Glory**: The hymn praises Christ as the King of Glory and the everlasting Son of the Father, who took on human nature to redeem mankind.

- **Petitions**: The latter part of the hymn includes prayers for God's help, mercy, and protection for His people.

The **Te Deum** is a powerful expression of faith and devotion, and it has been set to music by many composers throughout history.

⁴: [Hymnary.org](^4^)
⁵: [Church of England](^5^)
⁶: [Genius Lyrics](^6^)

Alphas the Themanite, and Baldad the Suhite, and Sophar the Naamathite

**Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite** are three friends of **Job** mentioned in the Book of Job in the Bible. They are known for visiting Job during his time of suffering and engaging in lengthy dialogues with him about the nature of his suffering and the justice of God.

- **Eliphaz the Temanite**: He is considered the eldest and most prominent of Job's friends. Eliphaz is often seen as a symbol of human experience or history.

- **Bildad the Shuhite**: Bildad is known for his traditionalist views and is seen as a symbol of human tradition or philosophy.

- **Zophar the Naamathite**: Zophar is the most dogmatic of the three friends and represents human merit or moral law.

These friends initially come to comfort Job but end up debating with him about the reasons for his suffering, each offering different perspectives based on their understanding of divine justice.

Saint Pius X

**S. Pius X Papae Confessoris** refers to **Saint Pius X**, who was a Pope and Confessor.

He served as the Pope from 1903 to 1914 and is known for his efforts to reform the Church and promote traditional Catholic teachings.

He was canonized as a saint in 1954. Saint Pius X is particularly remembered for his emphasis on liturgical renewal and the promotion of biblical studies.

Saint Pius X, born **Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto** on June 2, 1835, in Riese, Venetia, Austrian Empire (now in Italy), was the Pope from 1903 to 1914. He is known for his staunch political and religious conservatism, which dominated the early 20th-century Roman Catholic Church.

He came from a humble background. His father, **Giovanni Battista Sarto**, was a village messenger and postman, and his mother, **Margarita Sanson**, helped out as a seamstress. Despite their modest means, his parents provided him with a deeply religious upbringing, especially his mother.

From a young age, Giuseppe felt a strong call to the priesthood. He received his early education in his home village and later in **Castelfranco**. At the age of 15, in 1850, he entered the **seminary of Padua** to pursue his vocation. He was ordained as a priest in 1858 and began his ministry as a parish priest in the Italian region of Venetia.

His early life was marked by a strong commitment to his faith and a dedication to serving the Church, which eventually led him to rise through the ranks and become Pope Pius X.

From the Breviary
Pope Pius X, whose name previously was Joseph Sarto, was born in the village of Riese in the Venetian province. He enrolled among the students in the seminary of Padua and, when he had been ordained priest, was first curate in the town of Tombolo, then pastor at Salzano, then canon and chancellor of the bishop's curia at Treviso. He was so outstanding in holiness that Leo XIII made him bishop of the Church of Mantua. Lacking in nothing that maketh a good pastor, he laboured particularly to teach young men called to the priesthood; he fostered the beauty of divine worship and the growth of devout associations; he saw to the needs of the poor with generous charity. Because of his great merits, he was made a cardinal and created Patriarch of Venice. After the death of Pope Leo XIII he took up the supreme pontificate as a cross, having refused it in vain. Placed upon the chair of Peter, he gave up nothing of his former way of life. He shone especially in humility, simplicity and poverty. He ruled the Church firmly and adorned it with brilliant teachings. As a most vigilant guardian of the Faith, he condemned and suppressed Modernism, the sum of all heresies; as a most zealous defender of the freedom of the Church, he boldly resisted those who strove to bring about her downfall; he provided for the sound education of clerics, brought the laws of the Church together into one body; and greatly fostered the cult and more frequent reception of the Eucharist. Worn out with his labours and overcome with grief at the European war which had just begun, he went to his heavenly home on August 20th in the year 1914. Pope Pius XII numbered him among the Saints.

**Key Facts about Saint Pius X**:

- **Ordination**: He was ordained in 1858 and became a parish priest in the Italian region of Venetia.

- **Bishop and Cardinal**: Pope Leo XIII made him bishop of Mantua in 1884 and cardinal and patriarch of Venice in 1893.

- **Papacy**: He was elected Pope on August 4, 1903.

- **Reforms**: He is particularly remembered for his efforts to reform the Church, promote traditional Catholic teachings, and his emphasis on liturgical renewal and biblical studies.

- **Modernism**: Pius X vigorously opposed modernist interpretations of Catholic doctrine. He issued the decree **Lamentabili Sane Exitu** and the encyclical **Pascendi Dominici Gregis** in 1907, rejecting Modernist teachings.

- **Canonization**: He was canonized as a saint on May 29, 1954, and his feast day is celebrated on August 21.

Saint Pius X's motto was **"Instaurare Omnia in Christo"** (To restore all things in Christ). His legacy includes his strong stance against Modernism and his promotion of liturgical reforms and scholastic theology.

(1) Saint Pius X | Biography, Legacy, & Facts | Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Pius-X.

(2) Pope Pius X - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X.

(3) Pope Pius X - Wikiwand. https://www.wikiwand.com/simple/Pope_Pius_X.